Phase 3: Hardware Programming - VIC-II & System Architecture

Become a skilled C64 hardware programmer! Phase 3 focuses on the custom chips that make the C64 unique - the VIC-II graphics processor, CIA interface adapters, and advanced memory banking techniques that enable truly impressive software.

Unlocking the Custom Chips

Phase 3 teaches you to program the C64’s custom hardware directly, creating effects and capabilities that push the system far beyond what seems possible. You’ll learn the same hardware tricks used by legendary demoscene programmers and commercial game developers.

This isn’t just about learning registers and timing - it’s about understanding how creative programmers overcame hardware limitations through clever programming and deep system knowledge.

Hardware Programming Focus

VIC-II Graphics Programming - Learn complete control over the graphics subsystem. Create custom character sets, implement sprite multiplexing, and use raster interrupts for multi-layer visual effects that amaze users.

CIA Timer & I/O Control - Program the CIA chips for precise timing control, keyboard and joystick interfacing, and serial bus communication. Learn to coordinate multiple timing sources for complex real-time applications.

Memory Banking & Expansion - Understand C64 memory banking and switching techniques. Learn to work with RAM expansion and create cartridge software that maximizes available memory.

Hardware Tricks & Optimization - Discover undocumented features and timing tricks that create “impossible” effects. Learn the techniques that made legendary demos and pushed the C64 beyond its intended capabilities.

Project Focus

Phase 3 builds Cosmic Defender - a fast-paced space shooter showcasing advanced VIC-II programming with smooth scrolling, sprite multiplexing, raster effects, and custom graphics modes that demonstrate true C64 hardware expertise.

Professional Hardware Skills

By completing Phase 3, you’ll have comprehensive knowledge of C64 hardware that enables you to create programs rivaling the best commercial software. These low-level programming skills transfer directly to embedded systems, game engine development, and any field requiring direct hardware control.