Sprite Multiplexing

Overview

The VIC-II has 8 sprites. The NES has 64 sprites but only 8 per scanline. The Amiga has 8 sprites. Yet games routinely displayed dozens of moving objects. The trick: reposition sprites after the raster beam has drawn them, allowing the same hardware sprite to appear multiple times per frame.

The principle

Frame start:
  Sprite 0 at Y=50
  Raster draws sprite at line 50

Raster reaches line 71 (sprite done):
  Move sprite 0 to Y=150
  Raster draws "second" sprite at line 150

Result: One hardware sprite appears twice

Commodore 64 implementation

Simple approach

; Wait for raster to pass sprite's bottom
    lda #71             ; line after first sprite
.wait:
    cmp $d012
    bcs .wait

; Reposition sprite for second appearance
    lda #150
    sta $d001           ; sprite 0 Y position
    lda new_x
    sta $d000           ; sprite 0 X position

Full multiplexer

A proper multiplexer:

Sorts all virtual sprites by Y position
Assigns hardware sprites to the nearest virtual sprites
Uses raster interrupts to reposition at exact moments

; Simplified multiplexer structure
virtual_sprites:        ; array of Y,X,pointer for each object
    .res MAX_SPRITES * 4

sorted_indices:         ; Y-sorted order
    .res MAX_SPRITES

; IRQ chain repositions sprites as raster descends

Sorting requirement

Sprites must be Y-sorted because:

The raster moves top to bottom
A sprite can only be reused after it’s been drawn
Out-of-order sprites cause flicker or missing objects

NES sprite considerations

The NES has different constraints:

64 sprites in OAM (Object Attribute Memory)
Only 8 sprites per scanline (hardware limit)
Excess sprites on a line become invisible

NES solution: cycling priority

; Rotate which sprites get priority each frame
; Spreads flicker across all objects instead of
; always hiding the same ones

    inc sprite_cycle
    lda sprite_cycle
    and #7
    tax
    ; Start sprite building from different offset

This creates even flicker rather than permanent invisibility.

Amiga sprite multiplexing

The Copper makes Amiga multiplexing elegant:

copper_list:
    ; Sprite 0 first appearance
    dc.w    $0120, sprite0_hi
    dc.w    $0122, sprite0_lo
    dc.w    $0140, $5050        ; position 1

    ; Wait for sprite to pass
    dc.w    $6007, $fffe

    ; Sprite 0 second appearance
    dc.w    $0140, $a070        ; position 2
    dc.w    $0144, new_data

No CPU interrupts needed—the Copper handles repositioning.

Limitations

Constraint	Cause	Mitigation
Vertical only	Can’t reuse until raster passes	Sort by Y, design levels accordingly
Flicker	Too many sprites at same Y	Spread objects vertically
CPU cost	Sorting, repositioning	Pre-sort static objects
Per-line limits	Hardware constraint	Design around it

Games that used multiplexing

Game	Platform	Virtual sprites
Commando	C64	20+ enemies
Armalyte	C64	Massive bullet counts
Katakis	C64	Horizontal shooter
R-Type	Various	Dozens of bullets

Flicker management

When multiplexing can’t avoid overlap:

Alternate visibility: swap which sprites are hidden each frame
Priority rotation: give different sprites priority each frame
Design: place enemies at staggered Y positions

More sprites than hardware allows